In , the tale is also often known simply as ''''. This was one title used for a popular, abridged translation by Arthur Waley. The Waley translation has also been published as ''Adventures of the Monkey God''; and ''Monkey: Folk Novel of China''; and ''The Adventures of Monkey''.
The novel is a fictionalized account of the legends around the monk 's pilgrimage to India during the in order to obtain religious texts called sutras. The Bodhisattva , on instruction from the , gives this task to the monk and his three protectors in the form of disciples — namely , and — together with a dragon prince who acts as Xuánzàng's horse mount. These four characters have agreed to help Xuánzàng as an atonement for past sins.
Some scholars propose that the book the Chinese government at the time. ''Journey to the West'' has a strong background in Chinese folk religion, Chinese mythology and value systems; the pantheon of immortals and bodhisattvas is still reflective of Chinese folk religious beliefs today.
Part of the novel's enduring popularity comes from the fact that it works on multiple levels: it is an adventure story, a dispenser of spiritual insight, and an extended allegory in which the group of pilgrims journeying toward India stands for the individual journeying toward .
Synopsis
The novel comprises 100 chapters. These can be divided into four very unequal parts. The first, which includes chapters 1–7, is really a self-contained prequel to the main body of the story. It deals entirely with the earlier exploits of Sūn Wùkōng, a monkey born from a stone nourished by the Five Elements, who learns the art of the Tao, 72 polymorphic transformations, combat and secrets of immortality, and through guile and force makes a name for himself as the ''Qítiān Dàshèng'' , or "Great Sage Equal to Heaven". His powers grow to match the forces of all of the Eastern deities, and the prologue culminates in Sūn's rebellion against Heaven, during a time when he garnered a post in the celestial bureaucracy. Hubris proves his downfall when the manages to trap him under a mountain for five hundred years.
Only following this introductory story is the nominal main character, Xuánzàng, introduced. Chapters 8–12 provide his early biography and the background to his great journey. Dismayed that "the land of the South knows only greed, hedonism, promiscuity, and sins", the Buddha instructs the Bodhisattva to search China for someone to take the Buddhist sutras of "transcendence and persuasion for good will" back to the East. Part of the story here also relates to how Xuánzàng becomes a monk .
The third and longest section of the work is chapters 13–99, an episodic adventure story which combines elements of the quest as well as the picaresque. The skeleton of the story is Xuánzàng's quest to bring back Buddhist scriptures from Vulture Peak in India, but the flesh is provided by the conflict between Xuánzàng's disciples and the various evils that beset him on the way.
The scenery of this section is, nominally, the sparsely populated lands along the Silk Road between China and India, including Xinjiang, Turkestan, and Afghanistan. The geography described in the book is, however, almost entirely fantastic; once Xuánzàng departs , the Táng capital and crosses the frontier , he finds himself in a wilderness of deep gorges and tall mountains, all inhabited by flesh-eating demons who regard him as a potential meal , with here and there a hidden monastery or royal city-state amid the wilds.
The episodic structure of this section is to some extent formulaic. Episodes consist of 1–4 chapters, and usually involve Xuánzàng being captured and his life threatened, while his disciples try to find an ingenious way of liberating him. Although some of Xuánzàng's predicaments are political and involve ordinary human beings, they more frequently consist of run-ins with various goblins and ogres, many of whom turn out to be the earthly manifestations of heavenly beings or animal-spirits with enough Taoist spiritual merit to assume semi-human forms.
Chapters 13–22 do not follow this structure precisely, as they introduce Xuánzàng's disciples, who, inspired or goaded by , meet and agree to serve him along the way, in order to atone for their sins in their past lives.
*The first is Sun Wukong , or Monkey, previously "Great Sage Equal to Heaven", trapped by Buddha for rebelling against Heaven. He appears right away in Chapter 13. The most intelligent and violent of the disciples, he is constantly reproved for his violence by Xuánzàng. Ultimately, he can only be controlled by a magic gold band that the Bodhisattva has placed around his head, which causes him excruciating pain when Xuánzàng chants certain magic words.
*The second, appearing in 19, is Zhu Bajie , literally Eight-precepts Pig, sometimes translated as Pigsy or just Pig. He was previously Marshal Tīan Péng , commander of the Heavenly Naval forces, banished to the mortal realm for flirting with the Princess of the Moon . He is characterized by his insatiable appetites for food and sex, and is constantly looking for a way out of his duties, but is always kept in line by Sūn Wùkōng.
*The third, appearing in chapter 22, is the river-ogre Sha Wujing , also translated as Friar Sand or Sandy. He was previously Great General who Folds the Curtain , banished to the mortal realm for dropping a crystal goblet of the Heavenly Queen Mother. He is a quiet but generally dependable character, who serves as the straight foil to the comic relief of Sūn and Zhū.
*Possibly to be counted as a fourth disciple is the third prince of the Dragon-King, Yùlóng Sāntàizǐ , who was sentenced to death for setting fire to his father's great pearl. He was saved by Guānyīn from execution to stay and wait for his call of duty. He appears first in chapter 15, but has almost no speaking role, as throughout most of the story he appears in the transformed shape of a horse that Xuánzàng rides on.
Chapter 22, where Shā is introduced, also provides a geographical boundary, as the river that the travelers cross brings them into a new "continent". Chapters 23–86 take place in the wilderness, and consist of 24 episodes of varying length, each characterized by a different magical monster or evil magician. There are impassably wide rivers, , a kingdom ruled by women, a lair of seductive spider-spirits, and many other fantastic scenarios. Throughout the journey, the four brave disciples have to fend off attacks on their master and teacher Xuánzàng from various monsters and calamities.
It is strongly suggested that most of these calamities are engineered by fate and/or the Buddha, as, while the monsters who attack are vast in power and many in number, no real harm ever comes to the four travelers. Some of the monsters turn out to be escaped heavenly animals belonging to bodisattvas or Taoist sages and spirits. Towards the end of the book there is a scene where the Buddha literally ''commands'' the fulfillment of the last disaster, because Xuánzàng is one short of the eighty-one disasters he needs to attain Buddhahood.
In chapter 87, Xuánzàng finally reaches the borderlands of India, and chapters 87–99 present magical adventures in a somewhat more mundane setting. At length, after a pilgrimage said to have taken fourteen years they arrive at the half-real, half-legendary destination of Vulture Peak, where, in a scene simultaneously mystical and comic, Xuánzàng receives the scriptures from the living Buddha.
Chapter 100, the last of all, quickly describes the return journey to the Táng Empire, and the aftermath in which each traveler receives a reward in the form of posts in the bureaucracy of the heavens. Sūn Wùkōng and Xuánzàng achieve Buddhahood, Wùjìng becomes an arhat, the dragon is made a Naga, and Bājiè, whose good deeds have always been tempered by his greed, is promoted to an altar cleanser .
Historical context
The classic story of the ''Journey to the West'' was based on real events. In real life, Xuanzang was a monk at Jingtu Temple in late-Sui Dynasty and early-Tang Dynasty Chang'an. Motivated by the poor quality of Chinese translations of Buddhist scripture at the time, Xuanzang left Chang'an in 629, despite the border being closed at the time due to war with the Gokturks. Helped by sympathetic Buddhists, he travelled via Gansu and Qinghai to Kumul , thence following the Tian Shan mountains to Turfan. He then crossed what are today Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Afghanistan, into Gandhara, reaching India in 630. Xuanzang travelled throughout the Indian subcontinent for the next thirteen years, visiting important Buddhist pilgrimage sites and studying at the ancient university at Nalanda.
Xuanzang left India in 643 and arrived back in Chang'an in 646 to a warm reception by Emperor Taizong of Tang. He joined Da Ci'en Monastery , where he led the building of the Big Wild Goose Pagoda in order to store the scriptures and icons he had brought back from India. He recorded his journey in the book ''Journey to the West in the Great Tang Dynasty''. With the support of the Emperor, he established an institute at Yuhua Gong monastery dedicated to translating into the scriptures he had brought back. His translation and commentary work established him as the founder of the Dharma character school of Buddhism. Xuanzang died on March 7, 664. The Xingjiao Monastery was established in 669 to house his ashes.
Popular stories of Xuánzàng's journey were in existence long before ''Journey to the West'' was written. In these versions, dating as far back as Southern Song, a monkey character was already a primary protagonist. Before the Yuan Dynasty and early Ming, elements of the Monkey story were already seen.
Main characters
Tripitaka or Xuánzàng
Xuánzàng is the Buddhist monk who set out to India to retrieve the Buddhist scriptures for China. He is called Tripitaka in many versions of the story. Although he is helpless when it comes to defending himself, the bodhisattva Guānyīn helps by finding him powerful disciples who aid and protect him on his journey. In return, the disciples will receive enlightenment and forgiveness for their sins once the journey is done. Along the way, they help the local inhabitants by defeating various monsters. The fact that most of the monsters and demons are trying to obtain immortality by eating Xuánzàng's flesh, and are even attracted to him as he is depicted as quite handsome, provides much of the plot in the story.
Monkey King or Sūn Wùkōng
Sūn Wùkōng is the name given to this character by his teacher, Patriarch Subhuti, and means "the one who has "; he is called Monkey King or simply Monkey Emperor in .
He was born out of a rock that had been dormant for ages in Flower Fruit Mountain that was inhabited/weathered by the sun and moon until a monkey sprang forth. He first distinguished himself by bravely entering the Cave of Water Curtains at the Mountains of Flowers and Fruits ; for this feat, his monkey tribe gave him the title of ''Měi-hóuwáng'' . Later, he started making trouble in Heaven and defeated an army of 100,000 celestial soldiers, led by the Four Heavenly Kings, Erlang Shen, and . Eventually, the Jade Emperor appealed to , who subdued and trapped Wukong under a mountain. He was only saved when Xuanzang came by him on his pilgrimage and accepted him as a disciple.
His primary weapon is the ''rúyì-jīngū-bàng'' , which he can shrink down to the size of a needle and keep behind his ear, as well as expand it to gigantic proportions . The staff, originally a pillar supporting the undersea palace of the East Sea Dragon King, weighs 13,500 pounds, which he pulled out of its support and swung with ease. The Dragon King, not wanting him to cause any trouble, also gave him a suit of golden armor. These gifts, combined with his devouring of the peaches of immortality and three jars of immortality pills while in Heaven, plus his ordeal in an furnace , makes Wukong the strongest member by far of the pilgrimage. Besides these abilities, he can also pull hairs from his body and blow on them to transform them into whatever he wishes . Although he has mastered seventy-two methods of transformations, it does not mean that he is restricted to seventy-two different forms. He can also do a ''jīndǒuyún'' , enabling him to travel vast distances in a single leap. Wukong uses his talents to fight demons and play pranks. However, his behavior is checked by a band placed around his head by Guanyin, which cannot be removed by Wukong himself until the journey's end. Xuanzang can tighten this band by chanting the Tightening-Crown spell whenever he needs to chastise him. The spell is referred to by Xuanzang's disciples as the "Headache Sutra", and is as follows:-
"Om-munney pud-meyon", which is spoken quickly and repeatedly.
Wukong's child-like playfulness is a huge contrast to his cunning mind. This, coupled with his acrobatic skills, makes him a likeable hero, though not necessarily a good role model. His antics present a lighter side in what proposes to be a long and dangerous trip into the unknown.
Zhū Bājiè
Zhū Bājiè is also known as Zhū Wùnéng , and given the name Pigsy, Monk Pig or just simply Pig in .
Once an immortal who was the ''Tiānpéng-yuánshuǎi'' of 100,000 soldiers of the Milky Way, during a celebration of gods, he drank too much and attempted to flirt with , the beautiful moon goddess, resulting in his banishment into the mortal world. He was supposed to be reborn as a human, but ended up in the womb of a sow due to an error at the Reincarnation Wheel, which turned him into a half-man half-pig monster. Staying within ''Yúnzhan-dòng'' , he was commissioned by Guanyin to accompany Xuanzang to India and given the new name Zhu Wuneng.
However, Wuneng's desire for women led him to Gao Village, where he posed as a normal being and took a wife. Later, when the villagers discovered that he was a monster, Wuneng hid the girl away. At this point, Xuanzang and Wukong arrived at Gao Village and helped subdue him. Renamed Zhu Bajie by Xuanzang, he consequently joined the pilgrimage to the West.
His weapon of choice is the ''jiǔchǐdīngpá'' . He is also capable of thirty-six transformations , and can travel on clouds, but not as fast as Wukong. However, Bajie is noted for his fighting skills in the water, which he used to combat Sha Wujing, who later joined them on the journey. He is the second strongest member of the team.
Shā Wùjìng
Shā Wùjìng , given the name Friar Sand or Sandy in , was once the Curtain Raising General, who stood in attendance by the imperial chariot in the Hall of Miraculous Mist. He was exiled to the mortal world and made to look like a monster because he accidentally smashed a crystal goblet belonging to the Heavenly Queen Mother during the Peach Banquet. The now-hideous immortal took up residence in the Flowing Sands River, terrorizing the surrounding villages and travelers trying to cross the river. However, he was subdued by Sūn Wùkōng and Zhū Bājiè when the Xuānzàng party came across him. They consequently took him in to be a part of the pilgrimage to the West.
Shā Wùjìng's weapon is the ''yuèyáchǎn'' . Aside from that, he knows eighteen transformations and is highly effective in water combat. He is about as strong as Bājiè, and is much stronger than Wùkōng in water. However, Bājiè can beat Wujing in a test of endurance, and Wùkōng can beat him out of water.
Shā Wùjìng is known to be the most obedient, logical, and polite of the three disciples, and always takes care of his master, seldom engaging in the bickeries of his fellow-disciples. Perhaps this is why he is sometimes seen as a minor character; the lack of any particular perks confers the lack of distinguishing and/or redeeming characteristics.
Wùjìng eventually becomes an Arhat at the end of the journey, giving him a higher level of exaltation than Bājiè, who is relegated to cleaning every altar at every Buddhist temple for eternity, but is still lower spiritually than Wùkōng or Xuānzàng who are granted Buddhahood.
List of demons
There are many demons in the story. They are listed below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Demon
! Demon
! Identity
! Power
! Fate
|-
|Demon King of Chaos
|混世魔王
|unknown
|superior strength
|killed
|-
|King of Black Wind
|黑風大王
|black bear
|martial arts
|surrendered to Guanyin
|-
|Demon of Yellow Wind
|黃風怪
|marten of Griddhkuta, dwelling place of the
|sandstorm
|returned to Lingji Bodhisattva
|-
|
|白骨精
|undead skeleton
|transformation, trickery
|killed
|-
|Demon in Yellow Robe
|黃袍怪
|wood wolf of Gui
|martial arts, transformation
|returned to heaven
|-
|King of Gold Horn, King of Silver Horn
|金角大王、銀角大王
|servants of Laotzu
|most of Laotzu's magical talismans
|captured by Laotzu and returned to heaven
|-
|Imposter King of Wuji
|假烏雞國王
|azure lion of Bodhisattva
|transformation
|returned to
|-
|Red Boy
|紅孩兒
|son of Buffalo Demon-King
|samadhi fire
|surrendered to Guanyin
|-
|Turtoise dragon
|鼉龍
|Turtoise dragon
|marine, martial arts
|surrendered to his cousin
|-
|Deity of Tiger Power, Elk Power, Antelope Power
|虎力大仙、鹿力大仙、羊力大仙
|tiger, elk, antelope
|Taoist sorcery
|killed
|-
|King of Spiritual-touch
|靈感大王
|gold fish of Guanyin
|marine, martial arts
|surrendered to Guanyin
|-
|King Rhino
|兕大王
|azure bull of Laotzu
|martial arts, Laotzu's magical bracelet
|surrendered to Laotzu
|-
|Deity of Wishes
|如意真仙
|bull, younger brother of Buffalo Demon-King
|martial arts
|
|-
|
|琵琶精
|Scorpion
|poisonous sting
|killed by the Sun Rooster of Ang
|-
|Six-ear Macaque
|六耳獼猴
|macaque with six ears
|transformation, imitation, martial arts
|killed
|-
|Princess Iron Fan
|鐵扇公主
|rakshasi woman, wife of Buffalo Demon-King
|iron fan
|surrendered
|-
|Buffalo Demon-King
|牛魔王
|Bull, sworn brother of Sun Wukong
|transformation, martial arts
|surrendered
|-
|
|九頭蟲
|, son-in-law of the dragon king of Azure Lake
|martial arts, nine heads, marine/flight
|wounded by Erlang Shen
|-
|Buddha with Yellow Brow
|黃眉老祖
|servant of Maitreya Buddha
|Maitreya's magical talisman
|surrendered to Maitreya
|-
|Python demon
|巨蟒怪
|Great python
|
|killed
|-
|Golden dog-dragon
|金毛犼
|Golden dog-dragon, ride of guanyin
|guanyin's talisman
|surrendered to Guanyin
|-
|Spider demoness
|蜘蛛精
|7 spiders
|spider web, insect demons
|surrendered to Vilamba Bodhisattva, mother of Sun Rooster of Ang
|-
|Centipede Demon
|蜈蚣精
|Centipede with a thousand eyes
|poisonous golden light
|killed
|-
|Azure lion demon
|青獅精
|ride of Bodhisattva
|martial arts
|surrendered to
|-
|White elephant demon
|白象精
|ride of Bodhisattva
|martial arts
|surrendered to
|-
|Great Roc demon
|大鵬精
|brother of the 's godmother
|martial arts, flight
|surrendered to the
|-
|the queen of Bhiksu
|比丘國王后
|fox
|
|killed
|-
|father-in-law of the king of Bhiksu
|比丘國國丈
|deer, ride of the
|
|surrendered to the
|-
|Lady Earth Flow
|地涌夫人
|albino mouse of Griddhkuta, dwelling place of the ; adopted sister of Nezha
|cave labyrinth
|surrendered to Nezha
|-
|King of Southern Mountains
|南山大王
|leopard
|trickery
|killed
|-
|Yellow lion demon
|黃�br /> |Nine-headed lion, ride of Taiyi Tianzun
|martial arts, nine heads
|surrendered to Taiyi Tianzun
|-
|King of coldguard, heatguard, dustguard
|辟寒大王、辟暑大王、辟塵大王
|3 rhinoceroses
|martial arts
|killed and eaten by the four wood animals of heavenly constellations -- wood wolf of Gui, wood of Jiao, wood of Jing, wood xie of Dou, as well as the Dragon Prince of Western Seas
|-
|imposter princess of India
|假公主
|white rabbit, pet of Chang'e
|
|surrendered to Chang'e
|}
Notable English-language translations
*'''' , an abridged translation by Arthur Waley. For many years, the best translation available in ; it only translates thirty out of the hundred chapters.
*''Journey to the West'', a complete translation by W.J.F. Jenner published by the Foreign Languages Press in Beijing 1955
*''The Journey to the West'' , a complete translation in four volumes by Anthony C. Yu.
University of Chicago Press: HC ISBN 0-226-97145-7, ISBN 0-226-97146-5, ISBN 0-226-97147-3, ISBN 0-226-97148-1; PB ISBN 0-226-97150-3, ISBN 0-226-97151-1; ISBN 0-226-97153-8; ISBN 0-226-97154-6.
Media adaptations
Stage
*''''
: A stage which received its world premiere at the New York Musical Theatre Festival on September 25, 2006.
*''''
: A stage musical version created by Chen Shi-zheng, Damon Albarn and Jamie Hewlett. It premiered as part of the 2007 Manchester International Festival at the Palace Theatre on June 28.
*''The Monkey King''
: A production by the Children's Theater Company in Minneapolis, MN in 2005.
Film
*''Monkey Goes West''
*:The Shaw Brothers'
*::1966
*::: (: Sau yau gei. Also known as "Monkey with 72 Magic". Directed by Ho Meng-Hua.
*''Princess Iron Fan''
**:1966
**::a sequel to Monkey Goes West, adapting two episodes from the novel. Directed by Ho Meng-Hua.
*''Cave of the Silken Web''
**:1967
**::the next film in the series. Directed by Ho Meng-Hua.
*''The Land of Many Perfumes''
**:1968
**::the fourth film in the Shaw Brothers' series based on ''Journey to the West''. Directed by Ho Meng-Hua.
*''A Chinese Odyssey''
:1995
::A comdey loosley based on the tale of "Journey to the West".
::by Stephen Chow
*''Heavenly Legend''
:1998
::A film by Tai Seng Entertainment starring Kung Fu kid Sik Siu Loong is partially based on this legend.
*''A Chinese Tall Story''
:2005
::live action movie starring Nicholas Tse as Xuánzàng.
*''The Forbidden Kingdom''
:2008
::live action movie starring Jackie Chan and Jet Li which is said to be based on the Legend of the Monkey King, the same legend as the TV show Monkey.
*''''
:2010
::live action movie starring Stephen Chow and An epic retelling of a 16th century Chinese literary classic. Will Smith currently in negotiations to co-star.
Live action television
* ''''
:1978-1980
:: A well-known 1970s Japanese television series based on ''Journey to the West'' translated into English by the BBC.
*''''
:1986
::A TV series produced by CCTV. Noted for its faithfulness to the original novel, this TV series is still considered by many as a classic.
*''''
:1996
::A popular series produced by Hong Kong studio TVB, starring Dicky Cheung.
*''Journey to the West II''
:1998
::The sequel to TVB's ''Journey to the West'' series, starring Benny Chan.
*''''
:2001
::'s TV adaptation of this legend, also called ''The Lost Empire''.
*''The Monkey King: Quest for the Sutra'' 2002
::A loose adaptation starring Dicky Cheung, who also portrayed Sun Wukong in the 1996 TVB series.
*''''
:2006
::A Japanese television series starring the SMAP star Shingo Katori.
Comics, manga and anime
*''Alakazam the Great''
:One of the first anime films produced by Toei Animation, a retelling of first part of the story based on the characters designed by Osamu Tezuka.
*''BBC Beijing Olympics titles''
:A two-minute long introduction produced in 2008 for the Beijing Olympics by the BBC. The animation and music were specially produced by Jamie Hewlett and Damon Albarn.
*''''
:Started off based on Journey to the West, but later deviated from it. Sun Wukong becomes Son Goku, who also has an elongating staff. The object of sutras are replaced by the Dragonballs.
*''''
:manga and anime series inspired by the legend. Follow-up series include '''' and ''''.
*''''
:A shōnen-ai series in both anime and manga formats with the ''Patalliro!'' cast playing out the Zaiyuji storyline with a BL twist.
*''Havoc in Heaven''
:
::Original animation from China, by Shanghai Animation Film Studio.
*''Ginseng Fruit''
:
::Original animation from China, by Shanghai Animation Film Studio.
*''Iyashite Agerun Saiyūki''
::A 2007 adult anime
*''''
:An animated retelling of the legend.
*''Monkey Typhoon''
:A manga and anime series based on the ''Journey to the West'' saga, following a futuristic steampunk-retelling of the legend.
*''Starzinger''
:An animated science fiction version of the story.
*''''
:A gruesome manga inspired by the tale.
Works referencing Journey to the West
*''American Born Chinese'': An American graphic novel by Gene Yang. Nominated for the National Book Award .
*''Doraemon'': A special tells the story of ''Journey To The West'' casting the ''Doraemon'' characters as the characters of the legend.
*'''': Japanese manga and anime series loosely inspired by ''Journey to the West''.
*''Eyeshield 21'': Three of the players for the Shinryuji Nagas are referred to as the ''Saiyuki Trio'' based upon their appearances and personalities.
*''InuYasha'': The characters meet descendants of three of the main characters of the ''Journey of the West'' in one episode and main character, Kagome Higurashi, says a few lines about the whole book and story. Also, Inuyasha's necklace, which allows Kagome to punish him at will, is probably based on Sun Wukong's headband.
*''Kaleido Star'': The cast performs ''Saiyuki'' on stage a few times in the beginning of the second half of the series.
*''Love Hina'': The characters put on a play based on the story in anime episode 16.
*''Naruto'': , a character from ''Naruto'', is based on Princess Iron Fan from the legend. is a summoned monkey who bears resemblance to Sun Wukong. He has the ability to transform into a staff similar to the ''rúyì-jīngū-bàng'', which can alter its size at will.
*''Kyoryu Sentai Zyuranger'': The 1992 Super Sentai series, the monster in the thirty-seventh episode is based on Gold-Horn from chapters 32-35.
*''Ninja Sentai Kakuranger'': The 1994 Super Sentai series, where each of the main characters are inspired by the main characters of ''Journey to the West''
*''GoGo Sentai Boukenger'': The 2006 Super Sentai series, where its final episode involved the ''Rúyì-jīngū-bàng''
*''Juken Sentai Gekiranger'': The 2007 Super Sentai series, where one of its villains fighting style is homeage to Sun Wukong.
*''Ranma 1/2'': Pastiches of the characters appear throughout the manga and movies.
*''Read or Die '': One of the villains is a clone of Xuanzang, who seems to have the powers of Sun Wukong and Xuanzang.
*''Read or Dream'': In the manga, Anita gets hit on the forehead with a baseball and is knocked out. She has a dream based on the Wizard of Oz, but one of the other characters notes that he is in the wrong story because he is the Monkey King.
*''Sakura Wars'': The Imperial Flower Troupe Performs the play of Journey to the West.
*'''': 1978-1979 anime of a sci-fi space opera retelling of ''Journey to the West'' by Toei Animation.
*''Shinzo'': An anime loosely based on ''Journey to the West''.
*'''': An American comic mini-series produced by Anarchy Studio.
Games
*''Yuu Yuu Ki''
: A video game for the Famicom Disk System, based directly on the story.
*''Monkey Magic''
: A video game for the Playstation console.
*''Journey to the West''
: An unlicensed game by Taiwanese developer TXC Corp, 1994.
* ''''
: A video game and multiseries in which the Pokémon creatures Chimchar, Monferno, and mainly Infernape are based on Sūn Wùkōng.
* ''''
: A tactical role-playing game videogame for the PlayStation developed by Koei.
*''Fuun Gokuu Ninden''
: An action game for the Playstation. The characters of the game are based on the characters of ''Journey to the West''.
*''''
: A 1988 arcade game by Technos Japan Corp., based on the original story and characters. The Japanese version is titled
*''SonSon''
: A video game and character of the same name created by Capcom whose title character is a caricature of Sūn Wùkōng. The granddaughter of SonSon appears in Marvel vs. Capcom 2.
*''Westward Journey''
: A massively multiplayer online role-playing game .
*''Whomp 'Em''
: NES game whose Japanese version is based on the story .
*''Oriental Legend''
: Arcade action game by IGS in 1997, based on the novel. This game was only released in China and Korea.
*''The Monkey King: The Legend Begins''
: A side scrolling shooting game on the Nintendo Wii made in 2007 by UFO Interactive Games Inc. The player will play as Wu Kung a monkey who is striving to be a powerful god or a girl named Mei Mei.
Full text
Traditional Chinese
* [http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/西�from WikiSource
* from the Gutenberg Project
* from Open Lit
* from MillionBook.net
Simplified Chinese
* from Xahlee
English
* - Freeware complete English text version in PDF format
Other links
*
* - Comprehensive and detailed website with in-depth information about Journey to the West.
* with manhua
* Plot summary plus summary of book on historical Xuanzang.
[[ja:西遌
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